Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Depression Mental Illness And Depression - 1928 Words

Depression Overview Depression is a mental illness that has been around the world since our ancestors and is often over looked by people. Depression does not have an age requirement or personal preference; it can happen to anyone at any given time. In addition, â€Å"depression is one of the most four most common problems managed in practice† (â€Å"Physical†). Majority of the people who have depression are not treated for it. Depression is an illness because people can’t choose to act that way. There are many different factors that can tie into depression. For example, brain chemicals, genetics, physical activity, dieting, lack of sleep, poverty, and family matters. Depression has the ability to change a person’s mood at any given time. For†¦show more content†¦Another example, of a lifestyle would be products that a person chooses to buy and what products a person doesn’t choose to buy. Lifestyles are how a person is raised and how they choose or want to liv e their life. People who have depression have no control over what they are doing and what they want to do. According to the article, Depression: Major Depressive Affective Disorder depression â€Å"is a persistent low mood that interferes with the ability to function and appreciate things in life† (â€Å"Depression†). For example, a person may wake up and may not be able to do daily activities. A person may feel so mentally distressed that they may not get up for work or anything. Depression takes a toll over a person’s life, it not only effects the person it effects their family as well. If a child is raised with a depressed parent and their parent doesn’t have the proper treatment, that child may think that is the right way to act. People with depression often don’t know what to do and how to act. â€Å"It may cause a wide range of symptoms, both physical and emotional and it can last for weeks, months, or years† (â€Å"Depression† ). I believe that depression is not a lifestyle because generally people don’t want to be sad. Most people like to be happy. I don’t think anyone would choose to be sad because being sad effects everything you do for the day. For example, majority of the time when people

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Administrative System in India at the Advent of British Rule

UNIT 1 ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM AT THE ADVENT OF BRITISH RULE 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Mauryan and Gupta Administration 1.3 Major Characteristics of Moghul Administration 1.3.1 Role of the King 1.3.2 Bureaucracy 1.3.3 Army 1.3.4 Police 1.4 Structure of the Moghul Administrative System 1.4.1 Central Administration 1.4.2 Provincial Administration 1.4.3 District and Local Administration 1.5 Revenue Administration 1.5.1 Land Revenue as the Primary Source of Income 1.5.2 Types of Land Tenurial Systems 1.5.3 Administration of Land Revenue 1.5.4 Important Revenue Reforms 1.5.5 Modus Operandi of Revenue Collection 1.6 Administration of Justice 1.6.1 Administration of Civil Justice 1.6.2 Administration of Criminal Justice 1.7 Let Us Sum†¦show more content†¦In the Mauryan administration, the State had to perform two types of functions. The constituent (component) functions related to maintenance of law and order, security of person and property and defence against aggression. The ministrant (welfare) functiods had to do with provision of welfare services. All these functions were carried out by highly organised and elaborate governmental machinery. The empire was divided into a Home Province under the direct control of the central government and 4 to 5 outlying provinces, each under a Viceroy who was responsible to the Central Government. The provinces had considerable autonomy in this feudal-federal type of organisation. Provinces were divided into districts and districts into villages with a whole lot of officials in charge at various levels. There was city government too and two types of courts corresponding to the modem civil and criminal courts. All the administrative wark was distributed among a number of departments, a very important department being the special tax department, managed by an efficient and highly organised bureaucracy who was supplemented by the army and the secret police. The king was all-powerful and everything was done in his name. He wasShow MoreRelatedPre Colonial India Is Characterized By Independent Self Sufficient Villages With Various Customs And Laws Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pages Ashley Gosnell Colonialism Paper December 22, 2016 Pre-colonial India is characterized by independent self sufficient villages with various customs and laws. This separation in cultural, religious and political structures blurred the lines of inclusive political and religious laws. The differences can be observed in the groupings created by the caste system paired with social hierarchy. With the advent of colonialism these institutions were challenged. The introduction of English ideals andRead MorePublica Administration in the Age of Globalization in India2055 Words   |  9 PagesPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION IN INDIA The aim of this paper is to acquaint the reader about the influence of globalisation on the Public Administration of India. But before I proceed I feel it is absolutely necessary to define the two terms-â€Å"Globalisation† and â€Å"Public Administration†. I will then discuss the changes that Globalisation has brought about on the Indian Public Administration. GlobalisationRead MoreLocal Self Government3434 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction Local government institutions have always existed in India in one form or another since ancient times. The present form of urban local government owes its genesis to the British rule. The initiation began with Samuel Laing, member of the Viceroys Council, in the Budget Speech (1861-62) proposing that local services should be based on local resources. Lord Mayos Resolution of 1870 introduced the concept of elected representatives in the municipalities. Lord Ripon is considered the foundingRead MoreEffects of British Colonial Rule in India4318 Words   |  18 PagesAbtract The colonization of India and the immense transfer of wealth that moved from the latter to Britain were vital to the success of the British Empire. In fact, the Viceroy of British India in 1894 called India â€Å"the pivot of our Empire †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I examine the effects of the Industrial Revolution on the subcontinent. Besides highlighting the fact that without cheap labor and raw materials from India, the modernization of Britain during this era would have been highly unlikely, I will show how colonialRead MoreWomen Education in India : with Special Reference to Advent of Modern Education Amongst Women in Assam3132 Words   |  13 PagesWomen education in India : With special reference to advent of modern education amongst women in Assam Mrs. Anuradha Baruwa Astt. Prof. Dept. Education Jorhat Kendriya Mahavidyalaya Introduction. 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The colonial rule reflected dichotomies at two different levelsRead MoreLegal History of Bangladesh6268 Words   |  26 PagesHistory Development of Legal System i n Bangladesh: Hindu Period to Pakistan Period Md. Ziadul Islam Chowdhury Sadi Department of Law University of Dhaka Legal System  has developed gradually in Bangladesh with her growth as a nation over the centuries. Before the advent of British rule this part of the country was under Mughal rule. The Mughals seized power from the Turko-Afghan sultans who ruled the country since the beginning of the 13th century. It was under the Hindu ruler (Aryans) for 1500Read MoreHistory of Social Relations in India6115 Words   |  25 Pagescontroversy than India s history of social relations. Western indologists and Western-influenced Indian intellectuals have seized upon caste divisions, untouchability, religious obscurantism, and practices of dowry and sati as distinctive evidence of India s perennial backwardness. For many Indologists, these social ills have literally come to define India - and have become almost the exclusive focus of their writings on India. During the colonial period, it served the interests of the British (and theirRead MoreA Brief History of China Essay1686 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the first leadership of this country under one banner. It had problems with creating one language, which had an impact with keeping the country together. Next is the Qin Dynasty. The Qin Dynasty (221 BC-206 BC) had progressed in creating a system of measurements and weights while also improving the writing style of the time. The military had also improved the tactics and weapons of the period while maintaining the country (Fetzer 500). After the Qin Dynasty came the Han Dynasty. The HanRead MoreHistory of Pakistan18783 Words   |  76 PagesKHILAFAT MOVEMENT LECTURE 7- MUSLIM POLITICS IN BRITISH INDIA: 1924-1935 LECTURE 8- ALLAMA IQBAL’S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS DECEMBER 1930 LECTURE 9- MUSLIM POLITICS AND CHAUDHRY RAHMAT ALI LECTURE 10- THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES-- POLICIES TOWARDS MUSLIMS LECTURE 11- THE LAHORE RESOLUTION, 1940. LECTURE 12- MAJOR POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN 1945-46 LECTURE 13- TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE, 1947 LECTURE 14- CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN BRITISH INDIA LECTURE 15- THE PROBLEMS OF THE NEW STATE LECTURE

Monday, December 9, 2019

Integration Markets and Corporate Strategy †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Integration Markets and Corporate Strategy. Answer: Introduction: As per the case facts it has been found that Mario and his siblings are getting angry about the discontent that Jason has been stirring up among the Galli grandchildren, sum of whome they see as lazy and undeserving and the board of directors has decided not to provide the dividend amount of A class of shareholders in this year where they want to invest the dividend amount with the fund of the development of the organic vineyard at Robinvale (Graetz and Warren 2016). According to the section 254W of Corporation Act 2001(Legislation.gov.au, 2017) legislates the provisions for providing the rights of the shareholders of the dividend amount which stated various information about the company shares in A class of shareholders according to their eligibility of having dividend rate among with the others shareholders of the company. Therefore as per the case facts the board of GML has not able to make any decisions about the payment of dividend amount to the A class shareholders in this wher e the Galli grandchildren has demanded their dividend amount from the company share (Alstadster, Jacob and Michaely 2017). The Corporation Act of Australia has provided search legislations for the shares and the shareholders where they can demand for the rights for having the dividend payment. The person who is the part of the company law and holds the position of shareholders and where the company owns the amount as the out of expenses those will be the dividend amount (Graetz and Warren 2016). Therefore it also provide the duty to the directors that they must take the immediate and initiative steps for provide the payment of the dividend amount which has been on by the company out of expenses and must distributed equally to every shareholders of the company (Alstadster, Jacob and Michaely 2017). The Corporation Act also stated the legislations fair the partly paid shares or permanent share are also part of the distributed amount from the companies earning which must be provided to the shareholders. According to the rights of the shareholders of any Corporation has been described in the Corporation Act of Australia where it provides the right to the shareholders to attend meeting of company which has been related by the publishing and proposing various reports by the directors of the company (Dent 2014). The Annual General Meeting is also the part of such publishing of the reports for the shareholders can participate and mast suggest necessary proposal and if company add or change any rules and regulation of the companys constitution then they can also make the participation in such activities (Graetz and Warren 2016). Dividend amount is one of the important part which has been earned by the company out of their expensive and recover also recognized as an extra reward which must be distributed among the shareholders and they has the right to claim search revert as the dividend amount (Alstadster, Jacob and Michaely 2017). According to the case facts the galley grandchildren want to take legal actions against the board members of GML due to the nonpayment of the dividend capital amount of to them (Dent 2014). It is the duty of the director that they must pay the dividend amount to the shareholders but here they have failed to provide search duties therefore according to the Corporation Act 2001 the directors has breach the section 181, 182, 183 and 184 (Legislation.gov.au, 2017). According to the company is constitution and the corporation at they are not paying the dividend amount to the shareholders who was Galli grandchildren and instead of providing the shareholders they want to retained earnings to fund the development of the organic vineyard at Robinvale (Alstadster, Jacob and Michaely 2017). According to the case study in the corporation of FWPL Mario and Nick Galli are concerned about the level of dissatisfaction among the A class share holder (Dent 2014). They want to buy A class shareholders at a value to be fixed by an independent expert. the share buyback stated process of shares where company by their own stock of shares as per the benefit of the company (Graetz and Warren 2016). In the share buyback process the Corporation make an offer for buying there on shares from the shareholders of the cover of company and it is one of the most helpful processes which helps the corporations to gain more benefits from the shares from the shareholders (Alstadster, Jacob and Michaely 2017). In this share buyback process company introduces the offer to buy the shares from the shareholders and when the share are sold back again to the company then the company will cancel the previous shares with the shareholders (Dent 2014). The private company has the equal rights to buy the shares from other shareholders in the share buyback process the Corporation Law must choose a particular of shares which only eligible to make offer for the selected shareholders (Graetz and Warren 2016). In the process the dividend components and capital components are used as the share buybacks where the most of the company lowering the share numbers. It helps the company to earn more profit and increased share prices where the company can get back the cash from the shareholders and if any other investors who also make the shares in the company (Legislation.gov.au, 2017). According to the case facts FWPL also want to get rid of the A class shares by way of reduction of capital. In that matter it is necessary for them to work according to the required consent the section 256B of the Corporation Act (Legislation.gov.au, 2017) stated the legislation of the terms where the reduction without the authorization is not possible by any company but it could be could be applicable if it is able to reduce the share capital amount with a fair and reasonable clauses among the all shareholders (Alstadster, Jacob and Michaely 2017). In this process the prejudice system is never make the existence where the company is providing the deduction amount to all the creditors the Corporation helps to state the provisions for the shareholders where they can reduce of the share capital on the basis of 256C of Corporation Act (Legislation.gov.au, 2017). The corporation has the right to cancel the share without any consideration and reduction of share capital should completed sa tisfied the terms of the Corporation Act otherwise it is not applicable for the reduction when the company is being able to cancel the uncalled capital this process will be able to reduce the share capital (Graetz and Warren 2016). The ordinary share holders share amount can also reduce for the benefit of the company because the terms and process of the reduction amount equal for every ordinary share holders of the companies (Dent 2014). FWPL company directors are wanted to reduce the share capital from the shareholders. They must propose a form 2560 notification where they provide the notice of the meeting to pass the resolution for the reduction of the share capitals and submitting every document which are related to the reduction and the notice of the meeting should be sent to the shareholders. In a General Meeting the reduction of share capital resolution should be passed according to the companies on constitution regarding the special resolution as per the circumstances (Legislation.gov.au, 2017). Reference Alstadster, A., Jacob, M. and Michaely, R., 2017. Do dividend taxes affect corporate investment?. Journal of Public Economics, 151, pp.74-83. Dent Jr, G.W., 2014. Corporate Governance Without Shareholders: A Cautionary Lesson from Non-Profit Organizations. Del. J. Corp. L., 39, p.93. Graetz, M.J. and Warren, A.C., 2016. Integration of corporate and shareholder taxes Law. Grinblatt, M. and Titman, S., 2016. Financial markets corporate strategy. Knepper, W.E., Bailey, D.A., Bowman, K.B., Eblin, R.L. and Lane, R.S., 2016. Duty of Loyalty (Vol. 1). Liability of Corporate Officers and Directors. Legislation.gov.au. (2017). Corporations Act 2001. [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00605 [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Tricker, R.B. and Tricker, R.I., 2015. Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Reflexology free essay sample

What ever the reason, in the United States, 36% of adults are using some form of CAM. When megavitamin therapy and prayer specifically for health reasons are included in the definition of CAM, that number rises to 62%. What is CAM? The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) defines complementary and alternative medicine as a group of diverse medical and health-care systems, practice and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine. NCCAM classifies CAM therapies into five categories or domains: 1) alternative medical systems, or complete systems of therapy and practice; 2) mind-body interventions, or techniques designed to facilitate the minds effect on bodily functions and symptoms; 3) biologically-based systems, including herbalism; 4) manipulative and body-based methods, such as chiropractic and massage therapy; and 5) energy therapies. Alternative medical systems are as complex as conventional medicine. One example of alternative medical systems is Naturopathy, a system in which the body is encouraged to heal itself through changes in nutrition and lifestyle. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflexology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another example is Ayurveda, a system in which the body, mind and spirit are integrated to prevent or treat health problems. Mind-body medicine includes practices that encourage the mind to positively affect the body. Meditation is an example of mind-body medicine. Meditation is a practice which encourages the patient to clear his mind and focus inward. Creative therapy also falls into this category of treatment and includes art therapy and music therapy. Patients are encouraged to express their feelings and hopes through drawing, painting, singing or playing a usical instrument. Biologically based systems use natural substances to assist the body fight illness. This includes using herbs to treat various illnesses. Energy medicine involves the detection and manipulation of energy fields around the human body. It is used in a number of therapies, including Reiki, in which a practitioner is said to transmit energy to the patient through hands placed on or near the body, and Qi Gong, wh ich uses a series of breathing and movement exercises to heal and strengthen the chi, a Chinese interpretation of the bodys energy or life force. Manipulative and body-based methods involve physical manipulation of the body to help the patient relax and to ease various symptoms. Chiropractic and massage therapy are included in this category. Reflexology is also in this category. What is reflexology? Reflexology (sometimes called zone therapy) is a therapy in which the nerve endings primarily in the feet are stimulated by specific massage techniques to effect changes in another part of the body and thereby create health and help overcome disease. Reflexology therapeutically reduces stress and tension throughout the whole body. Consequently, blood and lymph circulation improves, nerve supply to the cells is improved, and the release of toxins from the body is increased. These physiological benefits facilitate improvement in the bodys assimilation of nutrients, elimination of wastes, and the functioning of its immune system. In general, reflexology facilitates optimum functioning of all the systems of the body. It is in these ways that reflexology supports the body in its process of healing itself and maintaining optimum health. Reflexology can be traced back to the birth of Christ. Its use is documented in Greece, Rome, the Orient, India and by Indians in North America. In Egypt, for example, there are hieroglyphs, dating back to 2500 BC, that depict hand and foot reflex zone therapy in the tomb of Ankmahor, who was known as the great physician. The theory behind reflexology is that when the reflexes are stimulated, the bodys natural electrical energy works along the nervous system to clear any blockages in the corresponding zones. A reflexology session appears to break up deposits (felt as a sandy or gritty area under the skin) which may interfere with this natural flow of the bodys energy. Manipulating specific reflexes removes stress, activating a parasympathetic response in the body to enable the disharmonies to be released by a physiological change in the body. With stress removed and circulation improved, the body is allowed to return to a state of homeostasis. Homeostasis is the automatic process that the body incorporates to bring it back to the normal state. For example, if the blood pressure is abnormal, the kidneys will secrete the enzyme rennin which is involved with blood pressure, and the hormone, erythropoietin that increases the rate of red blood cell production. The science of reflexology used today was founded in 1913 by Dr. William Fitzgerald, an American ear, nose and throat surgeon. He noticed that pressure on specific areas of the body produced an anaesthetizing effect on a related area. Developing his theory, he divided the body into ten equal zones which ended in the feet and hands. In the 1930s a massage therapist, Eunice Ingham, refined Dr. Fitzgeralds zones and developed what is known today as reflexology. She observed that congestion or tension in any part of the foot mirrored congestion or tension in a related part of the body. Therefore, treating the areas of the feet could have a relaxing and healing effect on different organs and tissues inside the body. Reflexology is a complementary therapy. While it can be used as a beneficial treatment on its own, it can also be used in conjunction with other complementary and holistic therapies as well as with conventional medical care. Since reflexology is not recognized by law, no formal training is required to practice reflexology or call oneself a reflexologist. However, some nurses and massage therapists offer reflexology as part of their licensed practice. Some courses are accredited for continuing education for nurses and massage therapists. The most widely publicized training source is probably the International Institute of Reflexology, of St. Petersburg, Florida, which claims to have 25,000 members worldwide. Its Certified Member status requires 200 hours of instruction plus passage of written and practical tests. This certification process has neither legal nor medical recognition. As with any kind of medical treatment, there are potential dangers associated with reflexology. People with recent or healing fractures, unhealed wounds or active gout affecting the foot should avoid reflexology. Those suffering with osteoarthritis affecting the ankle or foot or severe circulation problems in the legs or feet, should seek medical consultation before starting reflexology. Some reflexology books list diabetes, heart disease or the presence of a pacemaker, unstable blood pressure, cancer, active infections, past episodes of fainting (syncope), mental illness, gallstones or kidney stones as illnesses that may be negatively affected by reflexology. However, there is limited scientific evidence that reflexology can affect these conditions. Pregnant women should consult their doctor before trying reflexology because it has been reported that rigorous stimulation of the feel can cause the uterus to contract. Reflexology should not delay diagnosis or treatment with more proven techniques or therapies. Our lives are becoming more stressful every day. With ever increasing levels of stress, it is important that we take more responsibility for our own health care needs.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

cinderella the musical Essay Example

cinderella the musical Essay Example cinderella the musical Essay cinderella the musical Essay cinderella the musical BY 10021991 Walt Disneys 1950 animated feature film Cinderella, which was based on the fairy tale Cendrillon by Charles Perrault and the Grimms Fairy Tales. Everyone knows the story, and the animated film is a beloved classic. The challenge then for Resorts World Manilas production of Rodgers and Hammersteins Cinderella is to measure up to such high standards. Just an aside: Rodgers and Hammersteins Cinderella is a 1957 musical written for television, starring no less than Julie Andrews. Its been remade for television twice, ith one version featuring Brandy Norwood, Whitney Houston, Bernadette Peters, and our very own Paolo Montalban. Its also been adapted for the stage numerous times. Most recently, Lea Salonga played the title role. Stepping into the glass slippers this time is Karylle Tatlonghari, with Christian Bautista playing Prince Charming (or rather, as his character is named, Prince Christopher). The chemistry between the romantic leads is crucial, and Karylle and Christian have it in spades. Having partnered up before in West Side Story, Rama Hart, and Kitchen Musical, its obvious they are naturally at ease with one another, hich helps them portray the breathless exhilaration of falling in love without appearing corny (perfect casting for a telenovela! ) And their stellar vocal chops allow them to hit the difficult high notes of the songs. Rodgers and Hammersteins songs are very pleasant and hummable, with organic lyrics that are essential to narrating the story. Standout songs include In My Own Little Corner, Impossible/lts Possible, and the haunting Do I Love You Because Youre Beautiful? Playing Cinderellas stepmother, Sweet Plantado chews the scenery (but in a good ay) and steals the show with every lip curl and cutting one-liner. The two bickering stepsisters (Gianina Ocampo and Maronne Cruz) display a flair for physical comedy and slapstick. The comic relief provided by the villains is a nice antidote to all the sweetness. Menchu Lauchengco-Yulo, the glamorous fairy godmother, appears at a critical time and in grand fashion, landing from the sky. Cinderella wishes she could go to the Princes ball, along with all the young ladies in the land. Applying reverse psychology, the fairy godmother gently chides her for fixating on wishes and dreams and ncourages her to be responsible for her own destiny. Cinderella starts to form a plan. What if she hitched a ride along the next carriage, or fixed the dress that her stepmother had callously ripped? But before she can fgure out a plan, the fairy message of female empowerment is not pushed far enough, unlike in, say, Ever After. One wonders how the story would turn out if Cinderella had taken control of the situation. But then we would have missed the magic. With the aid of smoke and fog, a bit of pyrotechnics, and a super-quick costume change, the mice are transformed into orsemen, a white carriage arrives (but alas, no pumpkin! ) and Cinderella gets a makeover, changing from peasant to princess. These transformations were much appreciated by the audience, who clapped with every dramatic presto change-o. Aside from the performances, the shows winning formula is the fantastic stage design by Andrew Botha. How do you measure up to Walt Disneys Cinderella? With the clever use of animation, of course, the stage scenery includes a massive video wall that shows flat and 3D animated illustrations of the different locations, from the town, to Cinderellas house, to the palace. This presents endless possibilities for setting and scene changes. The quaint illustrations, similar to that of a storybook, are jazzed up with layers, motion, and precise transitions, creating an immersive world. There are also video screens flanking the stage, providing a live feed of the action onstage, as well as close-ups. The more traditional set design includes a grand staircase and an enormous fireplace. The songs, performance, and multi-media stage design all come together to bring the fairy tale to life. It may not achieve the perfection of the Walt Disney animated film, but it holds its own.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

3 Types of Superfluous Use of Semicolons

3 Types of Superfluous Use of Semicolons 3 Types of Superfluous Use of Semicolons 3 Types of Superfluous Use of Semicolons By Mark Nichol Proper use of semicolons is sometimes seen as such a challenge that some teachers of composition recommend not using them until one develops a more sophisticated grasp of language, which is akin to saying one should hold off on learning the more complicated letters of the alphabet until one is ready for them. The following examples, however, point out that some writers need to study the functions of the punctuation mark. 1. Banks must keep pace with rapidly developing technologies; and this requires organizations to transform how they develop new apps and software. One of the functions of the semicolon is to separate independent clauses that are closely associated in cases in which the strength of the period is not necessary. In this case, a simple comma, teaming up with a conjunction, suffices to distinguish the two clauses: â€Å"Banks must keep pace with rapidly developing technologies, and this requires organizations to transform how they develop new apps and software.† (A semicolon should not precede a conjunction unless the punctuation mark and the word are part of a complex list structured something like â€Å"a, b, and c; d, e, and f; and g, h, and i.) 2. It is one thing to determine that a hundred million dollars in synergies can be achieved; it is another matter to actually achieve those savings; and still another matter for the savings to be reflected in the financial statements. The first semicolon in this sentence is used correctly, but the second one is not; the phrase beginning with and should be part of the second independent clause (the one beginning â€Å"it is another matter†): â€Å"It is one thing to determine that a hundred million dollars in synergies can be achieved; it is another matter to actually achieve those savings and still another matter for the savings to be reflected in the financial statements.† Alternatively, the final point can be bolstered with its own pronoun and verb and set off as one of three sentence segments separated by commas: â€Å"It is one thing to determine that a hundred million dollars in synergies can be achieved, it is another matter to actually achieve those savings, and it is still another matter for the savings to be reflected in the financial statements.† 3. They must continuously direct scarce resources to sustain vital government activities and services; they must manage their operations in the face of constantly changing circumstances; and they must provide assurance to various stakeholders that they can protect and enhance their organizations. Here, three phrases are separated as if they are independent clauses. It is true that the three phrases can stand on their own as such, but they are also serviceable as simple list items, as shown here: â€Å"They must continuously direct scarce resources to sustain vital government activities and services, they must manage their operations in the face of constantly changing circumstances, and they must provide assurance to various stakeholders that they can protect and enhance their organizations.† (Semicolons are necessary in place of the commas only if one or more of the phrases itself uses punctuation to separate items in a list.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:25 Subordinating ConjunctionsWhenever vs. When Ever3 Types of Essays Are Models for Professional Writing Forms

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Equal Rights for All Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Equal Rights for All - Essay Example They have equal political rights and they can cast their votes with complete authority. Although the ERA promised so much for the equal rights for women but it wasn’t implemented because only 35 states approved it and approval of minimum 38 states is required to pass the amendment in the constitution. The ideas of John Stuart Mill’s article have been discussed in the lecture stating that the biggest hindrance in the betterment of the society is not allowing the rights to the women. He is a strong advocate of equal rights for women in every sector of life. Social relations between men and women should not be dominated by any sex. His beliefs and motives have a great political and social impact. As the time is moving ahead, the role of women is becoming quite vital in the society. He strongly condemns shifting of power on either side. He is quite stern against the rights given to one sex only; while the other being deprived of even basic facilities of life (Mill). In his article, John Stuart Mill presents some harsh facts that pose hindrance to implementation of the ERA in the US society. Most of the people are not in favor of giving equal rights to both sexes. They consider that the men are superior creatures and they should be given priority over women.

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Environmental Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Issues - Essay Example The current interest in environmental education is actually spurred by two factors. First is the realization of business firms that complying to environmental standards and implementing programs advocating environmental awareness could increase the preference of customers because they know that the company is very concerned with the whole of society. In other words, it has become a point of competitiveness of the companies. The second factor is the realization that the problem has become so serious to the point that it threatens all sectors of society that it needs immediate attention. The way we are made to perceive environmental issues are distorted by the way the information is relayed to us. Environmental catastrophes are relayed to the audience but its root causes are never fully explained or in some instances, not even analyzed. The ideology that pervades among corporate media practitioners is to simply relay the information but they do not go as far as promoting advocacy. There exists a problem in the way environmental awareness is understood by educators and mass media practitioners and many people in general. They tend to mention events that have harmed the environment but they seldom do point out the root cause. We can only speculate that they are constrained to do so because most of the pollution such as oil spills came from big corporations who may have interests in the establishment where they are employed or who can sue them of all their belongings for tarnishing the name of the company. Those who had the courage to speak out have been branded as agents of doom for the dark predilections that they make. Some of them are actually lampooned and criticized for their messages which bears the truth regarding the state of the environment and the role we humans are playing in its destruction. Saving the environment requires a shift in ideology, an extension of democracy where the institutions are oriented towards environmental protection rather than living in denial and abstraction. The Currents of Ecological Democracy In the contemporary setting, environmentalists have begun to take on a new perspective regarding the pursuit of environmental awareness and environmental protection. What they advocate is direct political action which refers to mass mobilization and extensive forums pressuring the government to take action rather than waiting in vain for environmentally conscious individual to get elected in office. Capitalism which is basically a general term for the desire to acquire profits is seen as totally detrimental to the environment. It is impossible to arrive to a compromise between the desire for profits and the desire to save the environment for business firms will always need to expand and exploit resources to acquire more money. If the resources such as oil are depleted in an area, they move towards another area to keep the business going. As such, the cycle of environmental degradation continues. With this line of thinking, the attempts of corporations to project themselves as environmentally conscious are but a mere propaganda that is full of deceit and lies. Private firms are not the only one to blame. Much of the toxic materials comes from weapons used by

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Defining Moments in Canada Essay Example for Free

Defining Moments in Canada Essay Defining Moments in Canadian History During the 20th century, there were many events and situations that helped define the country of Canada. There were positive moments, but also a good amount of negative ones. Of course, the successful events kept Canadians in a positive light, but the negative situations helped Canada learn from its mistakes and went to prove how strong and brave its citizens were/are. The three most defining moments would have to be the Dieppe Raid, the Invasion of Normandy, and the Battle of Vimy Ridge. These three events not only assisted the country to become what it has today, but has also defined what the nation has become. The first defining moment of the 20th century was the Battle of Vimy Ridge. This particular battle was a military engagement located in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France during World War I. The main fighters were Canadian Corps against the German army. The battle took place from April 9 to 12, 1917. This was the beginning stage for the Battle of Arras, led by the British. The Canadian Corps was ordered to seize Vimy Ridge in April 1917. Situated in northern France, the heavily-fortified seven-kilometre ridge held a commanding view over the Allied lines. The Canadians would be assaulting over an open graveyard since previous French attacks had failed with over 100,000 casualties. (Cook) Main objectives were to take control over German-held high ground along an extensive escarpment. Doing so would allow the southern flank to advance without having to be heavily worried about enemy fire. With support from a nearby barrage, Canadians were able to capture most of the ridge within the first day of attack. The town of Thelus fell the second day, as did the crest of the ridge. The final objective was to capture another ridge located outside the town of Givenchy-en-Gohelle, which fell to the Canadian Corps on April 12. After that incident, the German forces had no choice but to retreat. This quick battle was successful due to a mix of tactical and technical innovation, powerful artillery support, extensive training, and thought-out planning. This event is a defining moment for Canada because it was the first time that all four sectors of the Canadian Expeditionary Force participated in a battle as a whole, therefore becoming a Canadian Nationalistic symbol of sacrifice and great achievement. The Canadian success at Vimy demonstrated that no position was invulnerable to a meticulously planned and conducted assault. This success had a profound effect on Allied planning. Though the victory at Vimy came swiftly, it did not come without cost. There were 3,598 dead out of 10,602 Canadian casualties. After Vimy, the Canadian Corps went from one success to another, to be crowned by their achievements in the 1918 advance to victory. This record won for Canada a separate signature on the Versailles Peace Treaty ending the War.(Battle of Vimy Ridge) The second definitive moment of the 20th century was the Dieppe Raid. This event was a World War II attack on the German occupied port of Dieppe on August 19,1942. The raid took place on the northern coast of France, and began around 5 am. Allied commanders were forced to call a retreat, a mere 6 hours later. Objectives included seizing and holding a major port to prove that it was possible and also to gather information. Allies also pl anned on destroying coastal defences, port structures, and all strategic buildings. The allied countries knew that they would eventually have to attack, so they figured they needed the practice. Another goal was to take some of Hitlers attention off of trying to invade Russia. The plan was to use 5000 Canadians and have a 1-day attack and retreat on the Nazi-held coastal town of Dieppe. The plan was also to be secretive and attack at dark. None of these objectives were met. The Soviet Union was pressuring the Allies to open a second front in Western Europe. The Allies, however, needed to build up their military resources before undertaking a full campaign. They felt that a large raid on the coast of France could force the Germans to divert more of their military resources away from the Soviet Union and also help in the planning for the full-scale assault to come. (Canada Remembers) The first mistake was that they reached Dieppe in broad daylight, making this surprise attack not very surprising. Also, the Dieppe forces became on high alert at Dieppe because French agents warned them that the British were showing a great deal of interest in the area. When the Allied forces arrived at the port city, its flanking cliffs were well defended. Thesoldiers were met with very heavy machine gun fire from little stations dug into overlooking cliffs. The Allied fire support was not nearly adequate enough and the attackers were basically trapped on the beach by series of obstacles and never-ending German fire. After less than 6 hours, the Allies were forced to surrender and many of the soldiers were stranded on the port, to be killed or to be taken prisoner by the Germans. The Allied forces were beaten severely, they definitely lost this battle, and they lost it hard. Numerous tactical and technical errors were made, resulting in huge amounts of Canadian deaths. The raid was a disaster: More than 900 Canadian soldiers were killed, and thousands more were wounded and taken prisoner. Despite the bloodshed, the raid provided valuable lessons for subsequent Allied amphibious assaults on Africa, Italy and Normandy. (Herd) This was, after all, one of the first attempts by the Allies on a German-held port. This was an important, defining moment for Canadians because the lessons learned there became the guidelines of what not to do in regards to future endeavours, and influenced preparations for the highly successful Normandy landings. The last definitive moment of the 20th century was the Invasion of Normandy (D-Day) on June 6, 1944. The Allies attacked the German-held beaches of Normandy, France towards the end of World War II. The landings were done in two phases; the first was an airborne assault landing consisting of 24 000 British, US, and Canadian soldiers shortly after midnight. The second was an amphibious landing around 6:30 am of Allied infantry. This attack was executed by all elements: land, sea, and air. The invasion required transportation of soldiers, and materials from England by aircraft and ships. These particular landings took place on an 20 km stretch of the Normandy coast on 5 seperate beach areas: Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword. The British armies took control over Sword and Gold, US took charge over Utah and Omaha, and Canadian forces stormed Juno. On June 6th, 1944, the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division and the 2nd Armoured Brigade were tasked with establishing a bridgehead on the beach codenamed Juno. This was an eight-kilometre long stretch of beach bordering Saint-Aubin, Bernieres, Courseulles-sur-Mer and Graye-sur-Mer. Assault troops were then to move towards the Carpiquet airfield, 18 kilometres inland. The 3rd Infantry Division, under Major-General R. F. L. Keller, was under command of the Second British Army. It was flanked on the left by the 3rd British Infantry Division that was to land on Sword beach (Lion-sur-Mer, Langrune-sur-Mer). To the right, the 50th British Division had as its target Gold Beach (La Riviere, Le Hamel, and Arromanches).(D-Day) Unlike the previous, unsuccessful raid at Dieppe, surprise was achieved at Normandy, thanks to bad weather and a very successful deception plan deployed in the months prior to the attack. The deceptive plan was used to distract Germanys attention from the possibility of landings in Normandy. Another key success was to convince Adolf Hitler that landings would occur at the Pas-de-Calais. At the same time of the attack, there wer e also decoy operations taking place. Fourteen thousand young Canadians stormed Juno Beach on D-Day. Their courage, determination and self-sacrifice were the immediate reasons for the success in those critical hours. The fighting they endured was fierce and frightening. The price they paid was high the battles for the beachhead cost 340 Canadian lives and another 574 wounded. (Juno Beach) By the end of D-Day, 30 000 Canadians had been successfully landed and all had penetrated further into France than any other Allied force! This was a defining moment for the country of Canada because, after all the previous, unsuccessful missions, they deserved a glorious victory. That is definitely what they got! All their hard work; preparing weapons, planting decoys, and all their extensive planning made this invasion so successful, and all the tedious work paid off. This event is definitive for me because my great-grandfather was involved in this attack, and thankfully returned home from it. There were definitely more than three defining moments for Canada during the 20th century, but the Battle of Vimy Ridge, the Dieppe Raid, and the Invasion of Normandy were three of the most significant. These events helped Canada grow as a nation, and made Canadians even more proud of their heritage and their country.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Computer Science Terms Essay -- Definitions

Computer Science Terms: Composite structure: the size of a typical software system implies that it must be broken down into manageable pieces of this Composition: the process of building a system using simpler parts or components Abstraction: the process of ignoring details irrelevant to the problem at hand and emphasizing essential ones. To abstract is to disregard certain differentiating details Data: the info the program deals with Functionality: what the program does with the data, the responsibility of the object to do Object: the most abstract description of a basic component of an object oriented system Values: a fundamental piece of info that can be manipulated by the program Types: a set of related values along with the operations that can be preformed with them Object: fundamental abstractions from which systems are built Classes: a set of objects having the same features and properties State of an object: the set of data maintained by an object at any given time Reference values: a value that denotes an object Data descriptions: properties of the object (name, date, etc) Associated value: a property an object has at any given time Variable: a portion of memory reserved to hold a single value Instance variables: a variable that is a permanent part of an object: memory space for the variable is allocated when the object is created Immutable: an object that's state cannot be changed Mutable: and object that's state can be changed *An object is characterized by the features it offers* 1. Query: a request for data 2. Command: a request to change state Float & Double: sets of real rational numbers (i.e. 170000 or 1.4e12) Char: set of values representing Unicode ... ... Chapter 6: *Black box testing = functional testing Test design generally begins with an analysis of  · The functional specifications of the system  · The ways in which the system will be used Test case is defined by:  · A statement of case objectives  · The data set for the case  · The expected results Functional testing: testing to determine that the system as a whole meets the customer's specifications. The system is treated as a "black box" whose behavior can be observed, but whose internal structure is unknown. *white box testing= unit testing Unit testing: incremental testing of classes as they are implemented in order to ensure that they function properly. Testing can be "white box testing" where the tests are developed based on the unit's implementation, or "gray box testing" where tests are developed based solely on a method's specification Computer Science Terms Essay -- Definitions Computer Science Terms: Composite structure: the size of a typical software system implies that it must be broken down into manageable pieces of this Composition: the process of building a system using simpler parts or components Abstraction: the process of ignoring details irrelevant to the problem at hand and emphasizing essential ones. To abstract is to disregard certain differentiating details Data: the info the program deals with Functionality: what the program does with the data, the responsibility of the object to do Object: the most abstract description of a basic component of an object oriented system Values: a fundamental piece of info that can be manipulated by the program Types: a set of related values along with the operations that can be preformed with them Object: fundamental abstractions from which systems are built Classes: a set of objects having the same features and properties State of an object: the set of data maintained by an object at any given time Reference values: a value that denotes an object Data descriptions: properties of the object (name, date, etc) Associated value: a property an object has at any given time Variable: a portion of memory reserved to hold a single value Instance variables: a variable that is a permanent part of an object: memory space for the variable is allocated when the object is created Immutable: an object that's state cannot be changed Mutable: and object that's state can be changed *An object is characterized by the features it offers* 1. Query: a request for data 2. Command: a request to change state Float & Double: sets of real rational numbers (i.e. 170000 or 1.4e12) Char: set of values representing Unicode ... ... Chapter 6: *Black box testing = functional testing Test design generally begins with an analysis of  · The functional specifications of the system  · The ways in which the system will be used Test case is defined by:  · A statement of case objectives  · The data set for the case  · The expected results Functional testing: testing to determine that the system as a whole meets the customer's specifications. The system is treated as a "black box" whose behavior can be observed, but whose internal structure is unknown. *white box testing= unit testing Unit testing: incremental testing of classes as they are implemented in order to ensure that they function properly. Testing can be "white box testing" where the tests are developed based on the unit's implementation, or "gray box testing" where tests are developed based solely on a method's specification

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Bureaucracy is No Longer Appropriate Today

Bureaucracy, first proposed by Weber, was once considered as the best form of administration, coordination and control (Stazyk and Goerdel 2011). It was generally adopted by many large social organizations and gradually became their mode of administration (Adler 1999). During the initial period of bureaucracy, it made great contribution to the proper organizing of large social or corporate system through specialization of roles, standardization of procedures and coordination of employees (Balle 1999). However, with time going by, the shortages and problems inside bureaucracy were exposed.It was revised and improved by many people. A model called post-bureaucracy was proposed to avoid and revise the disadvantage of bureaucracy (Johnson et al. 2009). The aim of this essay is to discuss the major advantages and disadvantages of bureaucratic systems in the past and the present. This essay argues that bureaucracies are definitely not appropriate in workplaces today for effective and effic ient management. At first, this essay will give an appropriate definition of bureaucracy and illuminate who has contributed to its development by referring Dwyer (2005) and Hodgson (2004).After that, based on the research of Balle (1999), Adler (1999), Hodgson (2004),Walton (2005), Sorensen (2007), Dwyer (2005) , Hales (2002), Stazyk and Goerdel (2011), this essay will critically analyze the advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy in the past and present, and in particular, impacts on managers and employees. Following that, this easy will analyze how bureaucratic management may be viewed differently today from the past by referring Johnson et al. (2009). What’s more, this easy will explore the context of management situations.It will also critically analyze whether bureaucracies are appropriate for today’s management based on the research of Walton (2005) and Hales (2002). At last this essay will sum up the core arguments this essay presents. Definition of bureaucr acy and its development Bureaucracy is a kind of rational organization of management, which is centralized and hierarchically organized. It is characterized by a rigid division of labor, layers of authority, impersonal relationships and formalistic rules and procedures (Dwyer 2005).The historical process of bureaucracy theory, from proposal to evolution, was integrated with the contribution of numerous theorists and practitioners. In the early 20th century, Weber first proposed his ideal type of bureaucracy (Adler 1999). His idea laid the foundation of organization theory. The ideal type of bureaucracy had a profound effect on the way large social organizations organized. It helped large-scale organizations avoid chaos and assure efficiency.However, as an ideal model, many scholars criticized, revised and improved Weber’s ideal type of bureaucracy and made their own contribution to the development of it (Dwyer 2005; Hodgson 2004). For example, Taylor founded the Scientific Ma nagement School and it emphasizes maximum productivity and compact division of labor (Dwyer 2005). Mayo began and developed human relations school and it emphasizes the free of constraints of bureaucracy (Dwyer 2005). Heckscher proposed post-bureaucracy and postulated specific difference between the traditional bureaucracy and the post-bureaucratic model (Hodgson 2004).All these schools above, as well as many other advanced theories and approaches, have contributed to the development of bureaucracy. The inherent advantages and disadvantages of bureaucratic system in the past and the present will be discussed as follows. Advantages of bureaucracy Bureaucracy provides a good way to deal with large organizations. In the past, organizations were lack of theoretical guidelines of management. Balle (1999) claims that duplication of labor, low level of resources utilization and inefficiency of work existed in large-scale organizations before the proposal of bureaucratic management.At prese nt, many large organizations still organize their management in the form of bureaucracy to avoid chaos (Adler 1999). Bureaucracy provides a series of documents that describe the working procedures as well as rigid rules and regulations to make organizations run properly (Hodgson 2004). Even in today’s organization, documents and manuals are provided to make employees know exactly their roles. Organizations operate as a machine. Managers give orders while employees act as components and parts of the machine with the guidance of bureaucratic management.They work cooperatively, concertedly and thus effectively. According to the guidance, employees know exactly what they should do and managers would have a chance of supervising everyone in the company. For example, the long-lasting feudal model has proved the advantage of bureaucratic system to manage such a large whale (Balle 1999). The effective control of organizations and efficient use of resources make large-scale production possible. Specialization is another feature of bureaucratic organizations as every employee is allocated to a particular task to perform.In the past, it was human resources not machines that constructed the basic productive force in organizations. So it is of great importance to deploy the human resources (Johnson et al. 2009). Even today, employees in the large organizations have clear assignment of work and responsibility. Bureaucratic management emphasizes the clear division of work and specific boundaries to responsibilities. So employees can concentrate more on his or her specialized trade and learn more about it (Balle 1999). The result is more, better and cheaper productions.For example, like a flow production, employees just focus on their own part of work and need not take care of others. A production is completed when all the work of employee is combined. The coordination of employees and explicit division of work will increase the speed of production and save more time ( Adler 1999). The result is the improvement of the efficiency of the production system. What’s more, with the clear awareness of the role of employees, managers can properly manage employees and allocate resources. Then the effectiveness of management can be improved.Bureaucratic system needs fewer individuals to make strategic decisions based on its hierarchical structure and decision-making time can be shorter. Nowadays, quick response to the market and rapid decision-making are possible because of the hierarchical structure of bureaucratic system. The hierarchical structure is like a pyramid with employees on its bottom and managers on its top (Hales 2002). In the past, in traditional organizations many relevant individuals took part in the decision-making meeting. The meeting might be held one round and another to reach a common agreement.It is a waste of time and may be inefficient. In contrast, fewer individuals from the top of pyramid are involved in making strategic de cision with the bureaucratic management (Stazyk and Goerdel 2011). This will shorten the decision-making time and free the organizations of the risk of missing opportunities. As a consequence, the response time to the market is reduced and the timeliness of production is improved (Adler 1999). In this way the efficiency of production can be improved. However, as an ideal type of mode, bureaucracy also has some inherent disadvantages. Disadvantages of bureaucracyBureaucratic organizations are generally found to be rigid and inflexible because employees should strictly abide by the formalized rules, regulations and documents. Nowadays, the society is changing with the time and bureaucratic systems are viewed as red tape and rule proliferation (Stazyk and Goerdel 2011). With the changing conditions in the marketplace or industry, organizations constrained by rigid and inflexible rules and regulations can find themselves less able to fit the rapid changing environment (Walton 2005). The change of rules and regulations may be much slower than the variation of marketing or industrial environment.Much of the urgencies may fail to be dealt with because of the constraint of rigid and inflexible rules and regulations. The result is an inefficient management. In the past, to make the large-scale organization operate normally, the human side of things is ignored and rules and regulations are emphasized. But nowadays, people-oriented management emphasizes the empowerment and autonomy instead of rules and regulations (Dwyer 2005). Bureaucratic organizations may discourage creativity and innovation because employees must perform the task according to a set of rigid procedures.As the key factors to compete with various counterparts, creativity and innovation are emphasized more today than the past in organizations (Hales 2002). But to bureaucratic organizations, rigid or even outdated rules and regulations place so many unnecessary limits on employees (Adler 1999). They can h ardly think and act of their own. When employees confront problems that need a new solution, their new ideas may be prevented by the restrictiveness of bureaucracy. What’s more, in bureaucratic systems employees are lack of initiative, passion and sharing of ideas. This will lead to a lack of creativity and innovation.These two factors are of significant importance for organizations to survive and keep the core competitiveness in such a rapid changing environment (Sorensen 2007). Without creativity and innovation, organizations can no longer achieve the quality goals and enhance the ability to survive and complete effectively in the changing business environment. The result is the ineffectiveness of management. Impersonality is the feature of bureaucracy and it emphasizes a mechanical way of performing task. In the past, organizations needed management based on rational and impersonal rules and regulations.The rules and regulations have been legally established to minimize co st and maximize control (Hales 2002). The result was that employees worked like robots according to the impersonal rules and regulations. They had no emotions and belongingness of organizations. Thus their attitudes and mental dispositions may be influenced by bureaucracy (Sorensen 2007). Nowadays, organizations emphasize more on employee’s needs and emotions, rather than impersonal rules and regulations. Organizations that stick to impersonality may lead to dehumanization, what’s more, the friction between employees and manages (Dwyer 2005).The result is the depression of employee’s personality and weak belongingness to their workplace. They may do their job without full of passion or even conflict with the order of managers. This will lead to an effectiveness of management. After the discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of bureaucratic management in the past and present, discussion below will analyze the differences of bureaucratic management toda y from the past. Difference of bureaucracy nowadays and in the past Bureaucratic management is different today from the past.Firstly, Organizations emphasize more on quick response and less hierarchical structure than a set of rigid procedures. To keep up with the changing business environment, much of the unnecessary rigid and inflexible rules and regulations must be changed or removed (Hodgson 2004). Empowerment and responsible autonomy of employees are needed rather than the rigid procedures (Johnson et al. 2009). The result is a remarkable improvement of efficiency in management.Secondly, creativity and innovation are the core competitiveness for organizations to compete with their counterparts and  therefore those limits of bureaucratic systems on employees should be eliminated (Hales 2002). Employees are encouraged to propose or experiment their new ideas regardless of the constraint of rigid procedures because rigid procedures may bring effectiveness to organizations (Stazy k and Goerdel 2011). Last but not least, human-based management has been widely accepted in organizations and the impersonality of bureaucracy is no longer encouraged. Employees can feel the care and warmth of human-based management and improve their belongingness and the well-being of the organization.The result is more hard-working employees and the improvement of effective management. After discussing the differences of bureaucratic management today from the past, an analysis of bureaucracy’s inappropriateness for today’s management will be given as follows. Bureaucracy’s appropriateness for today’s management The context of management situations is different from past and bureaucracy is definitely no longer appropriate today. It is true that bureaucracy made great contribution to the progress of management when it was first proposed by Weber (Walton 2005).But with the development of society, the disadvantages of bureaucracy gradually appeared. Nowaday s organizations call for flexible and humanized rules and regulations, quick response to the changing environment and employees, creativity and innovation and belongingness of employees (Hales 2002). In other words, organizations need the effective and efficient management that can make them survive and compete in this rapidly changing world. All of these above are conflicted with bureaucracy. So bureaucracy is no longer appropriate for today’s management. However, there are still a lot of places can be learnt from bureaucratic system.Conclusion In conclusion, bureaucracies are definitely not appropriate in workplaces today for effective and efficient management. The following statements sum up the finding of this essay to support the conclusion. Firstly, the rigid and inflexible rules and regulations of bureaucratic system often result in a failure of quick response to the changing environment. It may lead to an inefficient management especially for large-scale organizations . Secondly, creativity and innovation may be discouraged by a set of rigid procedures of bureaucratic system and therefore lead to an ineffective management.Thirdly, employees perform task in a mechanical way according to the impersonal rules of bureaucratic system. The result is that employees can hardly feel the belongingness to their workplace. This may lead to a failure of work and an ineffective management. All of these above demonstrate that bureaucracy is not appropriate for today’s management. However, there are still shining points that can be learnt from bureaucratic management. When dealing with the management of large-scale organizations, bureaucracy and modern management methods can be mixed to insure a better control of organization and an effective and efficient management.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Hezbullah: Impact of Ideology on Group Structure, Strategy, Targets and Tactics Essay

Hezbullah or Hezbollah, which literally means â€Å"Party of God†, is an organization based on Lebanon. It is a religious-political-paramilitary organization of several thousand Shiite Muslim militants that plays a significant role in the Lebanese politics. Hezbullah, while maintaining to be a major contributor to social programs and services in Lebanon, has been considered an Islamic struggle movement. The group also is a foremost provider of agricultural services, medical aid, and school operations in Lebanon. The group is also a significant and influential power when it comes to the world of Lebanese politics. With its outright mission, to destroy Israel, it has been condemned by many governments – but others have praised the party. Western countries, most notably the United States, consider Hezbullah as a terrorist organization. Other countries that recognize in some part or in whole the group as a terrorist organization include the Great Britain, Australia, Canada and several others. Origins It was in the year 1982 that Hezbullah surfaced in Lebanon as it was invaded by Israel and was dubbed as â€Å"Operation Peace for Galilee†. Hezbullah was set in resistance against the Israeli occupation of Lebanon amid the Lebanese civil war. Inspired by the great Iranian political and religious leader, Ayatollah Khomeini, the leaders went for the training and organization of some Iranian Revolutionary Guards. Although the first manifesto of the group did not directly mention the destruction of Israel, the leaders of Hezbullah made several claims on destroying the â€Å"Zionist entity† forcing themselves to the lands rightful owners own. They referred to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon that during the course, claimed not only livestock, lands, homes, but more especially lives. The group started only as a small militia but slowly gained followers that agree to the views and ideologies of the left-leaning group. They started to gain social power, as getting seats in the Lebanese government, being able to create social development programs, as well as getting control and owning their own radio station and a satellite television station. As Shiite Muslims account for majority of its members, their members now vary from all domain of Lebanese population, especially after the 2006 Lebanon war or the July war that featured the warfare between Israel and Hezbullah themselves. Given their broad tally sheets of members, they are able to mobilize protests to the hundreds of thousands of their members, creating a major concern for the Lebanese government itself. Objectives The 1985 manifesto of the Hezbullah enumerated their three main goals as follows: (1) to put an end to any â€Å"colonialist entity† that existed in Lebanon, (2) to bring the Phalangists, a right-wing party in Lebanon, to justice for the â€Å"crimes† they had perpetrated, and finally (3) to the rightful establishment of an Islamic regime in Lebanon. The manifesto also featured some of the ideologies of the group. The group condemns the â€Å"Zionist occupation of Palestine† outright and added by several claims that â€Å"there is no legitimacy for the existence of ‘Israel’†. The Ideology of Hezbullah is derived from the Islamic Shiite Ideology popularized by Ayatollah Khomeini, known for leading the Islamic revolution in Iran in the 1970’s. The Founding Statement of Hezbullah contains a section that reads: â€Å"We see in Israel the vanguard of the United States in our Islamic world. It is the hated enemy that must be fought until the hated ones get what they deserve. Our primary assumption in our fight against Israel states that the Zionist entity is aggressive from its inception, built on lands wrested from their owners, at the expense of the rights of the Muslim people. Therefore our struggle will end only when this entity is obliterated. We recognize no treaty with it, no cease fire, and no peace agreements, whether separate or consolidated. We vigorously condemn all plans for negotiation with Israel, and regard all negotiators as enemies, for the reason that such negotiation is nothing but the recognition of the legitimacy of the Zionist occupation of Palestine.† It was entitled â€Å"The Necessity for the Destruction of Israel† which pretty much sums it all up. Structure From 1992 up to the present, the organization has been headed its Secretary-General, Hassan Nasrallah. Originally a military commander, but with the background of studying Shiite theology in Iran and Iraq, Nasrallah made it higher in the ranks with ease. Some reports suggest that he took advantage of the inside rivalry in the group to capture the Secretary-General position from Ayatollah Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini. Another leader, Sheikh Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah, has been the group’s spiritual leader since its founding. However, Fadlallah, died of a liver hemorrhage recently, 4th July 2010, at the age of 75. There is still a huge blank space to be filled in the group’s spiritual leader’s death. One other leader can be considered as the brains of the Hezbullah operations worldwide. It was Imad Fayez Mugniyah who was considered as the key planner, the mastermind, the engineer that finds time to plan details and execution of its terrorist operations. Mugniyah got his talent from experience, training with al Fatah in the 1970’s in the midst of the Lebanese civil war. It was in the 1980’s that the two, al Fatah and Mugniyah, were expelled from Lebanon by Israeli forces. But with his talent and skill, he quickly went up ranks after joining the Hezbullah. However, it was on 13 February, 2008, that Mugniyah was killed in a car bombing incident in Damascus supposedly pinned to Israel but with no solid grounds. The group is structured into three sub-groups namely the Bayt al-Mal, Jihad al Binna and the IRSO (Islamic Resistance Support Organization). Hezbullah gets its finances from support from various governments, Iran, Tehran and Syria, as well as donations from the Lebanese people and both local and international Shiites. With the current finances, the influence and the power both as a group and in the government, its forces gained momentum as gaining several thousands in members. The Lebanese government itself secured Hezbullah’s existence with policies that allow the group to continue on in their fight for liberty and recover occupied lands. According to data from the United States, the two states, Iran and Syria, contribute to not only the finance, but also to the training, weapons, explosive, diplomatic and political aid of the group. Hezbullah is believed to have a budget ranging from $200 million to $500 million, about $100 million coming from Iran. Operations Hezbullah’s main base for operation is in the Lebanon’s Shiite-populated areas. This includes Beirut, Bekaa Valley and southern parts of Lebanon. But with recent intelligence reports from the U. S.  suggest that the group has been starting its expansion of operations, from Africa to Europe, South America and even in North America. The group has at least five thousand core members, consisting of militants and activists. But it varies notably from time to time due to conflicts that the group engages in, most probably conflicts with Israel. US intelligence also reports the presence of at least 60,000 firearms and other weapons in the hands of Hezbullah. It includes both short and long range rockets, and even anti-tank, anti-aircraft and anti-ship arsenals. With periodic conflicts with Israel, people are concerned that a third Lebanon war may erupt if tensions remain high. Although Israel has officially withdrawn from Lebanon in 2000, and despite the UN certification of the withdrawal of all forces, Hezbullah still periodically create problems in the disputed Shebaa Frams border zone. Consequently, a full scale war erupted during the summer of 2006 and if it weren’t for a UN-led-ceasefire, it probably wouldn’t have stopped any time soon. Even so, it stopped only after taking more than a thousand lives and hundreds of thousands homeless or forced to flee especially the five-week long conflict. Some major attacks attributed to Hezbullah includes the kidnapping of several Americans in Lebanon during the 1980’s; suicide attacks in a U. S. Marines barracks in Beirut, Lebanon which kills over two hundred American soldiers; the 1983 U. S. Embassy bombing in Beirut that killed 63 people, including 17 Americans; the French multinational force headquarters bombing in 1983 that killed 58 French soldiers; the hijacking of TWA flight 847 that featured in an infamous footage of a pilot with a gun to his head; an attack that killed hundreds in the Israeli embassy and a Jewish community center both in Argentina in 1992 and 1994 respectively. The most recent major attack claimed by the Hezbullah was on 2006 when they launched a surprise raid on a border post in northern Israel. They took two Israeli soldiers in captive that caused an intense military campaign to be forced against Lebanon. But there was more to the campaign of the Hezbullah. By 2003, they have worked diligently with other Palestinian terrorist organizations such as Hamas, Islamic Jihan, and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and especially Tanzim. It has also been reported that Hezbullah has been a major firearms supplier with their allies as in the Hamas. Analysis It has been with mixed decisions whether Hezbullah is to be considered as a terrorist organization or not. It is a known fact that some countries do not consider the group as a terrorist organization in whole. The United States however, has issued statements against the group, considering them to be a highly-organized terrorist organization. To be able to analyze the group itself, there is a need to answer this question: Should the Hezbullah be considered as a terrorist organization? For the sake of unbiased perspective, we must consider all perspectives. In the Hezbullah perspective arguments include that fact that (1) the main ideology of the group is based on Islamic ideologies, only more radical ones, (2) every country has the right to protect and maintain its liberty in ways it can, and finally (3) the group is actually a part of the Lebanese government. But then again, nothing gives the right for any person, group and even a country to declare that a country has no reason to exist and that the country and its people should be obliterated. By this argument plus the known attacks that they have committed and claimed for, it can be concluded that the group can be considered as a terrorist organization. After setting the fact that Hezbullah is a terrorist organization, an analysis can be put in this perspective. From its origin standpoint, the group can be considered outright to be a radical and extremist in thoughts and in action. It is based from their ideological background that was actually derived from a radical form of Islamic Shiite Ideology that Khomeini had started. Its aim, more than anything else, is to destroy the country of Israel and its occupants, and kill the Jews. The structure of the group can be considered to be a help in their aims and objectives. Considering the separate leadership roles in the group, namely the political, religious and military roles, there are good opportunities to focus to their separate roles. There is a much efficient set of directives that would be of help to the members of the group. But there also is a backfire, if there are any occasions that the three leaders would disagree, the whole group could turn into a separate sub groups, reducing considerably the ability to achieve the objectives of the group. Considering the strategies of the organization, it could be noted that this is interwoven with the organizations structure. The military strategies of the group should coincide with both the religious and political perspective of the group, and vice versa. With the strategy of the organization to attaining its aims, they will be bounded by international policies only if they want to. Their tactics to complete their objectives can be considered to have lessened in the amount of violence that they have made in the older movements. Whether it could be accountable for the tighter defense being pushed by their opposition, i. e. U. S. , Israel, or to internal erosion with the group’s desire to succeed, will be a question to be answered in the future. Their targets remained the same, the â€Å"Zionist entity† that they refer to Israel, added to the â€Å"vanguard† of Israel, the United States. But the question mark lies in the present execution of their objectives, whether they will take it hard, as in violence that includes the public, or will they use a more reasonable action. The group structure and strategies very much meet their deed to accomplish its task. They may be planning to be more of a supporting group to other terrorist organization with the way they are moving as of the moment. They have no other engagement as of the moment. A possible scenario could be that the group would slowly blend to other terrorist organizations and would create a larger one, with a bigger objective than the original. They may consider to continue on supplying and supporting groups such as Hamas, to help them achieve their ultimate goal.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Know Your Regional Vocabulary

Know Your Regional Vocabulary Know Your Regional Vocabulary Know Your Regional Vocabulary By Mark Nichol One of the delightful facts about American English is that even though the rich regional variety of pronunciation and vocabulary ever diminishes, we’re still a long way from universal treatment of the language, and that’s an important detail for writers to observe. Take soda, for example. I mean pop. I mean coke. Each of these three terms for carbonated beverages is prevalent in various parts of the United States, and the respective regional dominations aren’t likely to go flat soon. According to a Web site that invites visitors to engage in an ongoing electronic survey of word usage, coke is it in the South, in much of Arizona and isolated other parts of the Southwest, and, curiously, in pockets of south and central Indiana. (The dominance of coke in the South may have something to do with the fact that Coca-Cola is based in Atlanta.) Pop, however, is the dominant variant in terms of geographical coverage, popping up throughout the northern states outside New England and rarely elsewhere. Soda, by contrast, which accounts for a slim majority by population, is the term of choice in the Northeast, in and around Miami and St. Louis, in eastern Michigan, and in much of Northern California and Arizona. (This Northern Californian concurs, though I call carbonated beverages â€Å"soft drinks.† But I don’t drink them, so what do I know?) Other, relatively rare synonyms are tonic in the Boston area and dope in some parts of North Carolina and South Carolina. (The latter term perhaps derives from the fact that originally, Coca-Cola contained cocaine hence the brand name.) The dominant vocabulary in selected other nations includes â€Å"soft drink† for Australia and New Zealand (no, I’m not from Down Under), mineral in Ireland, and pop in Canada. What does what you call a carbonated beverage have to do with writing? Whether you’re writing fiction or nonfiction, it behooves you to adhere to the local dialect, including vocabulary, when you’re engaging with regional culture. That’s easy for many authors, who write about their own neck of the woods and are intimately familiar with the local word-hoard. But if you’re going to virtually venture afar in your writing, make sure your characters don’t stand out as strangers by the way they talk unless, of course, that’s the point: A great strategy for showing, not telling, in a fish-out-of-water tale is to introduce the character by having them, for example, ask for a tonic when they sit down at a diner in the rural South. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph Examples50 Types of Propaganda45 Idioms About the Number One

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Ultraviolet Radiation - Definition of Science Terms

Ultraviolet Radiation - Definition of Science Terms Ultraviolet radiation is another name for ultraviolet light. It is a part of the spectrum outside the visible range, just beyond the visible violet portion. Ultraviolet Radiation Definition Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation or light having a wavelength greater than 100 nm but less than 400 nm. It is also known as UV radiation, ultraviolet light, or simply UV. Ultraviolet radiation has a wavelength longer than that of x-rays but shorter than that of visible light. Although ultraviolet light is energetic enough to break some chemical bonds, it is not (usually) considered a form of ionizing radiation. The energy absorbed by molecules can provide the activation energy to start chemical reactions and may cause some materials to fluoresce or phosphoresce. The word ultraviolet means beyond violet. Ultraviolet radiation was discovered by the German physicist Johann Wilhelm Ritter in 1801. Ritter noticed invisible light beyond the violet portion of the visible spectrum darkened silver chloride treated paper more quickly than violet light. He called the invisible light oxidizing rays, referring to the chemical activity of the radiation. Most people used the phrase chemical rays until the end of the 19th century, when heat rays became known as infrared radiation and chemical rays became ultraviolet radiation. Sources of Ultraviolet Radiation About 10 percent of the light output of the Sun is UV radiation. When sunlight enters the Earths atmosphere, the light is about 50% infrared radiation, 40% visible light, and 10% ultraviolet radiation. However, the atmosphere blocks about 77% of solar UV light, mostly in shorter wavelengths. Light reaching the Earths surface is about 53% infrared, 44% visible, and 3% UV. Ultraviolet light is produced by black lights, mercury-vapor lamps, and tanning lamps. Any sufficiently hot body emits ultraviolet light (black-body radiation). Thus, stars hotter than the Sun emit more UV light. Categories of Ultraviolet Light Ultraviolet light is broken into several ranges, as described by ISO standard ISO-21348: Name Abbreviation Wavelength (nm) Photon Energy (eV) Other Names Ultraviolet A UVA 315-400 3.103.94 long-wave, black light (not absorbed by ozone) Ultraviolet B UVB 280-315 3.944.43 medium-wave (mostly absorbed by ozone) Ultraviolet C UVC 100-280 4.4312.4 short-wave (completely absorbed by ozone) Near ultraviolet NUV 300-400 3.104.13 visible to fish, insects, birds, some mammals Middle ultraviolet MUV 200-300 4.136.20 Far ultraviolet FUV 122-200 6.2012.4 Hydrogen Lyman-alpha H Lyman- 121-122 10.1610.25 spectral line of hydrogen at 121.6 nm; ionizing at shorter wavelengths Vacuum ultraviolet VUV 10-200 6.20124 absorbed by oxygen, yet 150-200 nm can travel through nitrogen Extreme ultraviolet EUV 10-121 10.25124 actually is ionizing radiation, although absorbed by the atmosphere Seeing UV Light Most people cannot see ultraviolet light, however, this is not necessarily because the human retina cant detect it. The lens of the eye filters UVB and higher frequencies, plus most people lack the color receptor to see the light. Children and young adults are more likely to perceive UV than older adults, but people missing a lens (aphakia) or who have had a lens replaced (as for cataract surgery) may see some UV wavelengths. People who can see UV report it as a blue-white or violet-white color. Insects, birds, and some mammals see near-UV light. Birds have true UV vision, as they have a fourth color receptor to perceive it. Reindeer are an example of a mammal that sees UV light. They use it to see polar bears against snow. Other mammals use ultraviolet to see urine trails to track prey. Ultraviolet Radiation and Evolution Enzymes used to repair DNA in mitosis and meiosis are believed to have developed from early repair enzymes that were designed to fix damage caused by ultraviolet light. Earlier in Earths history, prokaryotes could not survive on the Earths surface because exposure to UVB caused adjacent thymine base pair to bind together or form thymine dimers. This disruption was fatal to the cell because it shifted the reading frame used to replicate genetic material and produce proteins. Prokaryotes that escaped protective aquatic life developed enzymes to repair thymine dimers. Even though the ozone layer eventually formed, protecting cells from the worst of the solar ultraviolet radiation, these repair enzymes remain. Sources Bolton, James; Colton, Christine (2008). The Ultraviolet Disinfection Handbook. American Water Works Association. ISBN 978-1-58321-584-5.Hockberger, Philip E. (2002). A History of Ultraviolet Photobiology for Humans, Animals and Microorganisms. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 76 (6): 561–569. doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760561AHOUPF2.0.CO2Hunt, D. M.; Carvalho, L. S.; Cowing, J. A.; Davies, W. L. (2009). Evolution and spectral tuning of visual pigments in birds and mammals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 364 (1531): 2941–2955. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0044

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Diagnosis in Mental Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Diagnosis in Mental Health - Essay Example Thus resulting in the person becoming convinced this way also. Does this 'diagnostic label' reflect a truth about what psychiatric diagnosis actually is Example: An interim medical professional was training. The medical professional sat in a ward within approximate distance from the psychiatrist. The psychiatrist was interviewing a woman who was very depressed, her husband was with her. The husband made a comment such as, "We just want to know what is making her depressed, doctor." The psychiatrist dismissed this, said that they had to understand that she had a "depressive illness", that this was "an illness like any other kind of illness", and that they would be treating this (the 'treatment' consisted of antidepressants .) So that's it! What's causing this depression Is Depression causing this depression (or substitute 'schizophrenia', 'bipolar', etc). The doctor -usually a medical doctor, sometimes a clinical psychologist, is usually expected to judge whether the collection of feelings, experiences and behaviors you described and observed, fit into one of the categories in the psychiatric diagnostic manuals that the pr... bserves about the behaviour, and can elicit from the patient their feelings, experiences and behaviour - which usually happens within a short interview. There are alternatives to diagnostic classification in mental health. Reports suggest mental health professionals will start avoiding diagnosis and concentrating instead on what problems the person was experiencing, needed to deal with, and on the context in which these problems had arisen. There is a debate happening about the usefulness of diagnosis, particularly in clinical psychology, that rather than try to fit people into distinct diagnostic categories, given our states of psychological distress and disturbance as existing on a continuum, on a spectrum, using an approach called 'formulation'. This approach is used by some professionals, which, concentrates on the difficulties the person is experiencing and their particular circumstances and looks to help with these. This report will address diagnosis in mental health, advantages and disadvantages of diagnosis in mental health, self-fulfilling prophesy, problems with diagnosis and the social impact mental illness has on society. Definition The word diagnosis comes directly from the Greek, but with different meaning. To the Greeks a diagnosis is interpreted to mean a "discrimination, a distinguishing, or a discerning between two possibilities." History The history of medical diagnosis began in days of Imhotep in ancient Egypt and Hippocrates in ancient Greece. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, there are four diagnostic methods: inspection, auscultation-olfaction, interrogation, and palpation.[9] A Babylonian medical textbook, the Diagnostic Handbook written by Esagil-kin-apli (fl. 1069-1046 BC), introduced the use of empiricism, logic and

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Economic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic - Assignment Example As the name suggests, a highly competitive market is possible in the presence of a large number of buyers. Due to the presence of a large number of players, none of them has a clear control or controlling stake either on the market or on the price (Malcolm C. Sawyer, 1985). However, the competitive market operates on the basis of a number of key influential factors, which will be used to explain the case of the store under analysis. A highly competitive market means that each of the suppliers holds an insignificant share in the market, which means that the firm is small in comparison to the size of the overall market that comprises all the suppliers in the sector. As such, the influence of a single supplier on the market price is negligible and the quantity that each produces depends directly on the level of demand from consumers. The price that the firm sets therefore depends on this demand, due to which a supplier will be known as a ‘price taker’. Another factor that makes the market highly competitive arises from the identical nature and quality of the products manufactured by every supplier, which leaves the customer with very little choice to choose between the individual suppliers and brands. Thus, a high substitution of products is another major factor that contributes to the lack of governance on the price (Pass, Bryan Lowes, 1994). The consumer is well informed on the prevailing prices in the market and the producers cannot modify the price above the market price as the higher price combine with the availability of identical products from other suppliers for cheaper prices will encourage the customer to consider other providers thereby bringing the substitution effect once again into play. Suppliers have equal opportunities in terms of access to resources and labor in addition to technological improvements. Thus, improvement in production capabilities by one firm can have a spillover effect on the other competitors and require them to make similar

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Assignment 2 (Management Quantitative Methods) Essay

Assignment 2 (Management Quantitative Methods) - Essay Example The research paper focuses on how individual motivation, connectedness and inter/intra-unit ties is important in knowledge transfer between individuals in organisations. Knowledge transfer and has recently been gaining a lot of importance since firms are finding themselves in increasingly competitive markets and are realizing their need to be more creative and innovative. Its importance has grown in recent decades for three related reasons. First, knowledge appears to be an increasing proportion of many organizations total assets2. Second, organizations have moved away from hierarchical methods of control toward more decentralized organizational structures and increased employee involvement. This has resulted in more knowledge transfer as employees are more involved in the decision making of the companies and has reduced organizational paths through which information travels. Finally, advances in information technology have created new means of knowledge transfer. The paper discusses how knowledge transfer is important for promoting innovation and creativity in organisations. Employees can be influenced by actions taken by the organisations to transfer knowledge so as to reach favourable outcomes. This can be done by an understanding of both what motivates the individual to transfer knowledge, as well as, structurally, with whom individuals exchange knowledge; the former is relevant to development of proper HRM policy to stimulate knowledge while the latter is indicated by an individual’s position in the knowledge transfer network of an organization. The paper also discusses how individual motivation may explain an individual’s position in the structure of the network in which innovative knowledge is transferred. Individuals that are more connected within the full knowledge transfer network of an organisation contribute significantly and lead to more innovative outcomes for the organisation. The concept of closeness centrality is used to indicate the individual’s position in the full knowledge transfer network, rather than merely observing their immediate connections. The connections an individual has may be within the own unit, while also knowledge transferred from other units, crossing unit boundaries, is believed to contribute to innovation in an important way. Transfer of knowledge in a multi-unit organisation may be difficult than transfer of knowledge in a unit that specializes in one knowledge field. This is because in a multi-unit organisation, the employees have limited information as to what activities and knowledge other employees have or are engaged in. Within a unit that specializes in one knowledge field, knowledge may also be of the tacit3 kind. Thus an individual’s capacity to contribute to the innovation processes in a firm then depends not just on his own (absorptive) capacity originating from earlier experiences, but also depends on the social, professional and hierarchical relations within t he organization. If one is not well-connected one’s contribution to knowledge transfer and thus the innovation process can be limited. Well-connected individuals can gain information of higher accuracy, van gain diverse knowledge and can collect and spread existing information more rapidly, but can also recombine existing ideas and knowledge in a novel way thus being more creative. Individual motivation is important factor for knowledge transfe

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Motivation across cultures

Motivation across cultures EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of the study was to find out what motivates employees across cultures. To thoroughly study various motivational theories and international researches and studies done to relate these theories to an international perspective. To study the various aspects and psychological process of motivation and to study how to motivate employees. Research Methodology:- RESEARCH TYPE:- DESCRIPTIVE STUDY METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION:- I have used secondary data for my research. And this has been collected from:- Various internet sites. News papers. Books. Journals. Motivation Across Cultures objectives of the study DEFINE motivation, and explain it as a psychological process. EXAMINE the hierarchy-of-needs, two-factor, and achievement motivation theories, and assess their value to international human resource management. DISCUSS how an understanding of employee satisfaction can be useful in human resource management throughout the world. EXAMINE the value of process theories in motivating employees worldwide. RELATE the importance of job design, work centrality, and rewards to understanding how to motivate employees in an international context. The Nature of Motivation Motivation A psychological process through which unsatisfied wants or needs lead to drives that are aimed at goals or incentives. Motivation is the activation or energization of goal-oriented behavior. Motivation may be intrinsic or extrinsic. The term is generally used for humans but, theoretically, it can also be used to describe the causes for animal behavior as well. This article refers to human motivation. According to various theories, motivation may be rooted in the basic need to minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure, or it may include specific needs such as eating and resting, or a desired object, hobby, goal, state of being, ideal, or it may be attributed to less-apparent reasons such as altruism, morality, or avoiding mortality. The Nature of Motivation The Universalist Assumption The first assumption is that the motivation process is universal, that all people are motivated to pursue goals they value what the work-motivation theorists call goals with high valence or preference The process is universal Culture influences the specific content and goals pursued Motivation differs across cultures The Assumption of Content and Process Content Theories of Motivation Theories that explain work motivation in terms of what arouses, energizes, or initiates employee behavior. Process Theories of Motivation Theories that explain work motivation by how employee behavior is initiated, redirected, and halted. The Hierarchy-of-Needs Theory The Maslow Theory Maslows theory rests on a number of basic assumptions: Lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs become motivators A need that is satisfied no longer serves as a motivator There are more ways to satisfy higher-level than there are ways to satisfy lower-level needs The Hierarchy-of-Needs Theory International Findings on Maslows Theory With some minor modification researchers examined the need satisfaction and need importance of the four highest-level needs in the Maslow hierarch Esteem needs were divided into two groups: Esteem including needs for self-esteem and prestige Autonomy including desires for authority and opportunities for independent thought and action The Hierarchy-of-Needs Theory International Findings on Maslows Theory The Haire study indicated all these needs were important to the respondents across cultures International managers (not rank-and-file employees) indicated the upper-level needs were of particular importance to them Findings for select country clusters (Latin Europe, United States/United Kingdom, and Nordic Europe) indicated autonomy and self-actualization were the most important and least satisfied needs for the respondents Another study of managers in eight East Asian countries found that autonomy and self-actualization in most cases also ranked high. The Hierarchy-of-Needs Theory International Findings on Maslows Theory Some researchers have suggested modifying Maslows Western-oriented hierarchy by reranking the needs Asian cultures emphasize the needs of society Chinese hierarchy of needs might have four levels ranked from lowest to highest: Belonging (social) Physiological Safety Self-actualization (in the service of society) The Hierarchy-of-Needs Theory International Findings on Maslows Theory Hofstedes research indicates: Self-actualization and esteem needs rank highest for professionals and managers Security, earnings, benefits, and physical working conditions are most important to low-level, unskilled workers Job categories and levels may have a dramatic effect on motivation and may well offset cultural considerations MNCs should focus most heavily on giving physical rewards to lower-level personnel and on creating a climate where there is challenge, autonomy, the ability to use ones skills, and cooperation for middle- and upper-level personnel. The Two-Factor Theory of Motivation The Herzberg Theory Two-Factor Theory of Motivation A theory that identifies two sets of factors that influence job satisfaction: Motivators Job-content factors such as achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and the work itself. Hygiene Factors The Two-Factor Theory of Motivation The Herzberg Theory The two-factor theory holds that motivators and hygiene factors relate to employee satisfaction a more complex relationship than the traditional view that employees are either satisfied or dissatisfied If hygiene factors are not taken care of or are deficient there will be dissatisfaction There may be no dissatisfaction if hygiene factors are taken care of there may be no satisfaction also Only when motivators are present will there be satisfaction Views of Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction The Two-Factor Theory of Motivation International Findings on Herzbergs Theory Two categories of International findings relate to the two-factor theory: One type of study consists of replications of Herzbergs research in a particular country Do managers in country X give answers similar to those in Herzbergs original studies? The others are cross-cultural studies focusing on job satisfaction What factors cause job satisfaction and how do these responses differ from country to country? Two-Factor Replications A number of research efforts have been undertaken to replicate the two-factor theory they tend to support Herzbergs findings George Hines surveyed of 218 middle managers and 196 salaried employees in New Zealand using ratings of 12 job factors and overall job satisfaction he concluded the Herzberg model appears to have validity across occupational levels A similar study was conducted among 178 Greek managers this study found that overall Herzbergs two-factor theory of job satisfaction generally held true Cross-Cultural Job-Satisfaction Studies Motivators tend to be more important to job satisfaction than hygiene factors MBA candidates from four countries ranked hygiene factors at the bottom and motivators at the top while Singapore students (of a different cultural cluster than the other three groups) gave similar responses Result:- Job-satisfaction-related factors may not always be culturally bounded Lower- and middle-management personnel attending management development courses in Canada, the United Kingdom, France, and Japan ranked the importance of 15 job-related outcomes and how satisfied they were with each Result:- Job content may be more important than job context Job-Context Factors In work motivation, those factors controlled by the organization, such as conditions, hours, earnings, security, benefits, and promotions. Job-Content Factors In work motivation, those factors internally controlled, such as responsibility, achievement, and the work itself. Achievement Motivation Theory The Background of Achievement Motivation Theory Characteristic profile of high achievers: They like situations in which they take personal responsibility for finding solutions to problems. Tend to be moderate risk-takers rather than high or low risk-takers. Want concrete feedback on their performance. Often tend to be loners, and not team players. A high nAch can be learned. Ways to develop high-achievement needs: Obtain feedback on performance and use the information to channel efforts into areas where success will likely be attained Emulate people who have been successful achievers; Develop an internal desire for success and challenges Daydream in positive terms by picturing oneself as successful in the pursuit of important objectives. International Findings on Achievement Motivation Theory Polish industrialists were high achievers scoring 6.58 (U.S. managers scored an average of 6.74) Managers in countries as diverse as the United States and those of the former Soviet bloc in Central Europe have high needs for achievement Later studies did not find a high need for achievement in Central European countries Average high-achievement score for Czech industrial managers was 3.32 (considerably lower than U.S. managers) International Findings on Achievement Motivation Theory Achievement motivation theory must be modified to meet the specific needs of the local culture: The culture of many countries does not support high achievement Anglo cultures and those that reward entrepreneurial effort do support achievement motivation and their human resources should probably be managed accordingly Hofstede offers the following advice: The countries on the feminine side . . . distinguish themselves by focusing on quality of life rather than on performance and on relationships between people rather than on money and things. This means social motivation: quality of life plus security and quality of life plus risk. Select Process Theories Equity Theory When people perceive they are being treated equitably it will have a positive effect on their job satisfaction If they believe they are not being treated fairly (especially in relation to relevant others) they will be dissatisfied which will have a negative effect on their job performance and they will strive to restore equity. There is considerable research to support the fundamental equity principle in Western work groups. When the theory is examined on an international basis, the results are mixed. Equity perceptions among managers and non-managers in an Israeli kibbutz production unit:- Everyone was treated the same but managers reported lower satisfaction levels than the workers. Managers perceived their contributions to be greater than other groups in the kibbutz and felt under compensated for their value and effort. Employees in Asia and the Middle East often readily accept inequitable treatment in order to preserve group harmony Men and women in Japan and Korea (and Latin America) typically receive different pay for doing the same work due to years of cultural conditioning women may not feel they are treated inequitably These results indicate equity theory is not universally applicable in explaining motivation and job satisfaction Goal-Setting Theory A process theory that focuses on how individuals go about setting goals and responding to them and the overall impact of this process on motivation . Specific areas that are given attention in goal-setting theory include: The level of participation in setting goals Goal difficulty Goal specificity The importance of objective Timely feedback to progress toward goals Unlike many theories of motivation, goal setting has been continually refined and developed There is considerable research evidence showing that employees perform extremely well when they are assigned specific and challenging goals that they have had a hand in setting Most of these studies have been conducted in the United States few have been carried out in other cultures Norwegian employees shunned participation and preferred to have their union representatives work with management in determining work goals.Researchers concluded that individual participation in goal setting was seen as inconsistent with the prevailing Norwegian philosophy of participation through union representatives In the United States employee participation in setting goals is motivational it had no value for the Norwegian employees in this study Expectancy Theory A process theory that postulates that motivation is influenced by a persons belief that Effort will lead to performance Performance will lead to specific outcomes, and The outcomes will be of value to the individual. Expectancy theory predicts that high performance followed by high rewards will lead to high satisfaction Does this theory have universal application? Eden found some support for it while studying workers in an Israeli kibbutz Matsui and colleagues found it could be successfully applied in Japan Expectancy theory could be culture-bound international managers must be aware of this limitation in motivating human resources since expectancy theory is based on employees having considerable control over their environment (a condition that does not exist in many cultures) Motivation Applied:- Job Design, Work Centrality, and Rewards Quality of Work Life: The Impact of Culture Quality of work life (QWL) is not the same throughout the world. Assembly-line employees in Japan work at a rapid pace for hours and have very little control over their work activities. Assembly-line employees in Sweden work at a more relaxed pace and have a great deal of control over their work activities. U.S. assembly-line employees typically work somewhere between at a pace less demanding than Japans but more structured than Swedens. Sociotechnical Job Designs:- The objective of these designs is to integrate new technology into the workplace so that workers accept and use it to increase overall productivity.New technology often requires people learn new methods and in some cases work faster. Employee resistance is common. Effective sociotechnical design can overcome these problems. Some firms have introduced sociotechnical designs for better blending of their personnel and technology without sacrificing efficiency Eg:- General Foods- Autonomous groups at its Topeka, Kansas plant, Workers share responsibility and work in a highly democratic environment Other U.S. firms have opted for a self-managed team approach Multifunctional teams with autonomy for generating successful product innovation is more widely used by successful U.S., Japanese, and European firms than any other teamwork concept Work Centrality:- The importance of work in an individuals life can provide important insights into how to motivate human resources in different cultures Japan has the highest level of work centrality Israel has moderately high levels The United States and Belgium have average levels The Netherlands and Germany have moderately low levels Britain has low levels Value of Work Work is an important part of most peoples lifestyles due to a variety of conditions Americans and Japanese work long hours because the cost of living is high Most Japanese managers expect their salaried employees who are not paid extra to stay late at work, and overtime has become a requirement of the job. There is recent evidence that Japanese workers may do far less work in a business day than outsiders would suspect In recent years, the number of hours worked annually by German workers has been declining, while the number for Americans has been on the rise. Germans place high value on lifestyle and often prefer leisure to work, while their American counterparts are just the opposite. Research reveals culture may have little to do with it A wider range of wages (large pay disparity) within American companies than in German firms creates incentives for American employees to work harder. Impact of overwork on the physical condition of Japanese workers One-third of the working-age population suffers from chronic fatigue The Japanese prime ministers office found a majority of those surveyed complained of :- Being chronically tired Feeling emotionally stressed Abusive conditions in the workplace Karoshi (overwork or job burnout) is now recognized as a real social problem Job Satisfaction EU workers see a strong relationship between how well they do their jobs and the ability to get what they want out of life U.S. workers were not as supportive of this relationship Japanese workers were least likely to see any connection This finding suggest difficulties may arise in American, European, and Japanese employees working together effectively Reward Systems Managers everywhere use rewards to motivate their personnel. Some rewards are financial in nature such as salary raises, bonuses, and stock options. Others are non-financial such as feedback and recognition. Significant differences exist between reward systems that work best in one country and those that are most effective in another. Incentives and Culture Use of financial incentives to motivate employees is very common in countries with high individualism. Financial incentive systems vary in range Individual incentive-based pay systems in which workers are paid directly for their output Systems in which employees earn individual bonuses based on organizational performance goals Many cultures base compensation on group membership. Such systems stress equality rather than individual incentive plans An individually based bonus system for the sales representatives in an American MNC introduced in its Danish subsidiary was rejected by the sales force because It favored one group over another Employees felt that everyone should receive the same size bonus Eg:- Indonesian oil workers rejected a pay-for-performance system where some work teams would make more money than others. Workers in many countries are highly motivated by things other than financial rewards The most important rewards in locations at 40 countries of an electrical equipment MNC involved recognition and achievement. Second in importance were improvements in the work environment and employment conditions including pay and work hours. Factors that concern employees across cultures French and Italian employees valued job security highly while American and British workers held it of little importance Scandinavian workers placed high value on concern for others on the job and for personal freedom and autonomy but did not rate getting ahead very important German workers ranked security, fringe benefits, and getting ahead as very important Japanese employees put good working conditions and a congenial work environment high on their list but ranked personal advancement quite low Conclusion The types of incentives that are deemed important appear to be culturally influenced. Culture can even affect the overall cost of an incentive system. Japanese efforts to introduce Western-style merit pay systems typically lead to an increase in overall labor costs. Companies fear that reducing the pay of less productive workers may cause them to lose face and disturb group harmony. Hence, everyones salary increases as a result of merit pay systems. Factors that motivate employees varies across culture. People from different cultures give different preferences to the factors involved. So while deciding the ways to motivate the workforce the factors that concern to that culture specifically should be kept in mind. 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